Unit 4222-208 (Hsc 027) Essay - 12711 Words

Outcome 1 Understand own responsibilities, and responsibilities of others, relting to health and safety in the work setting. 1. Identify legislation relating to general health and safety in a health or social care work setting. The European Parliament issues Directives on all legislation, including Health amp; Safety. 1989 saw six Health amp; Safety Directives issued. They had to be applied as law by each of the Member countries. By authority given to the Secretary of Sate these Directives became Regulations enforceable from January 1st 1993. The Health amp; Safety at Work etc Act is the Ê ºparentÊ º of all UK Health amp; Safety legislation. THE HEALTH amp; SAFETY AT WORK ACT (HSWA) 1974 This Act covers all people at work,†¦show more content†¦Over two million suffer illnesses caused by, or made worse by, their work. Section 2 of the HSW Act deals with employersÊ ¹ duties, and states: Ê ºIt shall be the duty of all employers to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health safety and welfare of all their employees whilst they are at work.Ê º To achieve this employersÊ ¹ need to: †¢ Provide and maintain safe plant and equipment †¢ Ensure safe use, handling storage and transportation of any articles substances and materials used during the course of their work †¢ Ensure the health and safety of their employees by providing adequate information, instruction, training and supervision as required †¢ Provide and maintain a safe working environment by the use of safe systems of work †¢ Provide adequate welfare facilities such as toilets, first aid facilities and changing rooms, along with safe maintained access and egress What is considered to be Ê ¹adequate information, instruction and trainingÊ ¹ will, of course, be dependent on the age and competency of the employees; for new processes or young/inexperienced employees, the supervision will need to be on a far more frequent basis than for established working procedures. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 states: ‘provide clear information, supervision and training for employees and ensure that suitably competent people are

Western Civilization By Joshua Cole And Carol Symes

Rome is known for its’ empire (The Roman Empire). Rome started out small and ended up becoming this huge and undefeatable force of nature. Rome received their success by either attacking other nearby towns/neighbors or granting them treaties or citizenships. E. Badien, the author who created an article called, The Organization Of Italy, explains how Rome organized Italy, and got their neighboring cities and nations to join them and turn ancient Italy into a leading state of power. In Badien’s observations, he finds that granting citizenship and the Latin’s helped Rome to become powerful and assisting Italy to be more structured. First, we must start out slow by talking about how Romans discovered Italy, and then the fun part starts out later. In the textbook, Western Civilization by Joshua Cole and Carol Symes, they explain to the reader that when the romans landed on Italy they met a group of people who already inhabited the land. The romans called these people Etruscans. These natives were influenced by the Greeks, such as the alphabet. The only thing that the Etruscans did not copy from the Greeks was that the Etruscans treated the women with respect, and actually gave them a certain power to the Etruscans society. Many Romans and Greeks who began to live there disagreed with the idea of women having a certain role in society. As Romans and Greeks settled into their new homes, the Greeks started to influence the Romans by copying their alphabets, arts, and beliefs (Cole,Show MoreRelatedArt Analysis : Egyptian Art917 Words   |  4 PagesAnna Lam Professor Hayburn Western Civ. Art Analysis 2 March 2016 Art Analysis Paper Egyptian art has always been extremely interesting and Egyptian art has influenced a lot of other societies in the past. They have created the three pyramids, the sphinx, Pharaoh sculptures, and so much more. The one piece that is very intriguing was the Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and Daughters stone. Akhenaten changes the states religion to Aten which is the Sun God, he even changed his name to Akhenaten which meansRead MoreTartuffe, a Comedy by Molier1060 Words   |  5 Pagesauthority to create laws, declare warfare, charge taxes, and bestow justice, all without the consent of anyone else. These ideas were also relayed to individual units of households, claiming that the father was the ruler of the household (Cole, et al, Western Civilizations, 356-357). Through his work, it was evident that Molià ¨re supported divine right, absolutism, and the patriarchal family (meaning that fathers and husbands ruled the household). However, he used Tartuffe to show that in order for theseRead Mor eAncient Civilizations1009 Words   |  4 Pages Ancient Civilizations Ancient Civilizations were more pronounced in the Bronze Age. This historical period lies between 4000 to 1200 BCE. Ostensibly, these civilizations were triggered by the onset of irrigations systems, which concomitantly increased food and water supply. Irrigation schemes and availability of food set precedence for people tens of thousands of people to live together in a common geographical location. Cities, states, and centrally developed kingdoms developed. From historicalRead MoreArticle Review1052 Words   |  5 PagesBaker, J. William, â€Å"Organized Greek Games†: Golden, M. Richard, The Social Dimension of Western Civilization, 1982, 58-66 In the article, â€Å"Organized Greek Games†, the author, William J. Baker’s goal was to educate on the difference between Olympic Games as they are today, compared to Olympic Games as they used to be in ancient Greece. In this article, William Baker also described to us, the relationship between the ancient Olympic Games, and Greek religion, what some of the Greek philosophersRead MoreThe Decline Of The Plague1947 Words   |  8 Pagesin 1315 CE to 1322 CE (Cole and Symes 347-354). Which slowed down the already compromised crop production in Europe. This made Europe weak casing massive casualties and disruption to the inhabitants. During the time period before the plague there was an increase in trade and population in Europe. The years following the plague, Europe’s population during this period had reached a high. Where food was not being produced to due to cold to supply Europe with food (Cole and Symes 355). Modern scholarsRead MoreRenaissance Influence On Art772 Words   |  4 Pageshttps://www.biography.com/people/raphael-41051 http://www.history.com/topics/leonardo-da-vinci# History.com Staff. Renaissance Art. A+E Networks, August 25 2017, http://www.history.com/topics/renaissance-art Joshua Cole and Carol Symes. â€Å"Renaissance Ideals--and Realities.† Western Civilizations, Eighteenth Edition,Volume Two, Norton, 2017, pp. 319-324 The Renaissance: The Rebirth of Arts and Imagination, https://histangelproject.omeka.net/exhibits/show/cultureshock/art/art-renaissance Read MoreThe Civilization Of Ancient Rome1366 Words   |  6 Pages The Civilization of Ancient Rome and The Time of the Kings, From Republic to Empire: Romulus and Remus, the Etruscans, the Greeks and early influences HST 101 Spring 2015 Lance Raebel Pima Community College West Campus Tucson, Arizona Table of Contents Introduction I. Romulus And Remus founding story a. Twin brothers i. Considered to be half gods ii. Rasied by a she wolf b. Father the god of war i. Rapes Rhea Silvia their mother c. Find Rome i. Romulus then kills Remus for leadership IIRead MoreThe Events Leading For The First World War1085 Words   |  5 PagesVictorians and Africans: The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent. The University of Chicago Press. Brown, D. K. 2003. Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905. London: Caxton Editions. Coffin, Judith, Joshua Cole, Robert Stacey, and Carol Symes. 2012. Western Civilizations. Third Brief Edition. Volume 2. New York: Norton. Fromkin, David. 2004. Europe s Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914? New York: Knopf Distributed by Random House. Keegan, John. 1998. The First World WarRead MoreEssay about Ancient Athens1399 Words   |  6 Pagesstands out more, â€Å"†¦his â€Å"Physics,† he discusses change, motion, and time† (SOURCE 4). As Aristotle’s life continued, one can see his â€Å"interest in studying scientific topics was balanced with a heavy dose of logic,† and is the â€Å"first great logician in Western philosophy, famous for his study of syllogisms† (SOURCE 4). Through his writings, it is clearly seen that, â€Å"†¦the Greek world had just seen one of the greatest era of artistic creation† (SOURCE 4). Greek literature is another great accomplishmentRead MoreWhat Made Hatshepsut a Great Leader?2162 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout history, men typically dominated societies. Men have always appeared to have more respect and rights than women, depending on certain civilizations. In societies like Egypt, men were frequently pharaohs and today, are considered to be great rulers. Women were often expected to take the job of motherhood in Egyptian society. Although this was their anticipated responsibility, women, usually upper class and royal, were still permitted to get an education, to possess property, own businesses

Occupational Health Management Plan †Free Samples for Students

Question: What are the legal requirements and ethical considerations? How the program will be monitored and evaluated for success? Answer: Introduction Across the word, rules and regulations controlling the safety and health of workforces are progressively encompassing necessities for hazard assessment and risk management. In the Australia and the European Economic Community, for instance, codes of working practices have been established to embrace risk assessment as part and parcel of the procedure to address aspects such as workplace safety, as well as the storage of hazardous substances (Horberry, T., Burgess-Limerick, R., Steiner, L. J. , 2010). About fourteen years ago, the Australian coal mining industry initiated strategies meant to explore the usage of more methodical safety engineering in an attempt to decrease the extremely intolerable damage and death rates emanating from this particular business. Since these initial initiatives in mining working places, hazard evaluation and management, usually by use of system security philosophies, has emerged an essential part of coal mining in the eastern region of Australia. Mining , and especially underground excavating, can sometimes be a dangerous scheme. Coal miners in these workplaces encounter various hazards on the job, comprising of cave-ins or what are often called fall of ground, poisonous smoke outbursts, vehicle or mobile tools fender-benders or crushing, exposure to chemicals, fires and electrocution. Serious calamities have taken place, and some have even contributed to the loss of lives. Whatever they are other priorities, this industry's primary objective should always be safety. This paper aims at developing an occupational health management plan which can be executed in the process of risk assessment and management in the Australian underground mining workplaces. It is apparent that workers in this sector are prone to dangerous occurrences such as heat stresses, infections, noise exposure, among others which jeopardize their healthy status. The paper also discusses other critical concomitant issues such as legal requirements and ethical consi derations and possible changes which might make the mining workplaces better places for the laborers. Systematic analytical methodologies will also be explained in order to firmly reinforce the principal arguments in the course of the program development. Details of the workplace Mining in Australia has remained an importantsectorsince it a chief contributor to thecountrys economy. Mining industry produces roughly $138 billion per year, an income which represents about a half (54%) of total goods and services in this nation. Besides, it contributes approximately 6-7% of Australia's net GDP, a contribution which is far more than tourism (2%) or agriculture (3%). Mining industry employs more than 187,300 individuals directly (around 2% of the labor force), and an additional 599,680 in support industries. The majority of the employees who operate in these particular workplaces are males, but sometimes even the women take part. Mining jobs need petite or even no prior experience (Chua, C. L., Tsiaplias, S., 2009). However, on-the-job training might be necessary for some of the duties. One should be able to read and write, although some need at least a Grade 12 level of education (Tak, S., Davis, R. R., Calvert, G. M., 2009). Workers who do not require previous experience are often subjected to tough duties such as loading explosives into drill holes and making certain that everything is secure before blasting. Women workers are assigned light activities such as keeping the mines clean, collecting ore samples for testing, and helping prepare and serve foods. Lengths of employment in mining workplaces often depend on the individual's assigned tasks and other factors such as terms of an agreement with the contractors. Throughout their working times, workers in mining centers are exposed to unbearable noises emanating from the heavy machinery used in these working places(Oleynik, 2005). Identification of an occupational health hazard and associated risks at the selected workplace As supported by ( Craig Hollenback; American Industrial Hygiene Association. Management Committee, 2007), these days, due to the significant enhancements in technology in particular through superior energy effectiveness, advanced labour productivity, incessant production procedures and functioning flexibility, automation has as well progressed swiftly in open and underground mines together with mineral dispensation factories. In parallel to this enhancement, sources of enormous levels of noise, as well as ambient noise at mining workplaces, have depicted a clear intensification. Occupational noise in Australian subversive pits has reached agonizing levels owing to the reverberant nature of the tapered workspaces. As a result, it is not easy to find a moderately low-noise work sites for the labors. Even though the machinery used in open mines are relatively bigger in size than the ones run into underground pits, they might be argued out to be less important as the noise released from them effortlessly extents hemi-spherically in the free sound working site (Giere? Stille, 2004). In essence, the enormous noise emanated during mining works (that is excavation, drilling-blasting, transporting, and loading) that occur in both exposed and subversive pits is notable when putting into consideration labor health and occupation performance. Recent surveys have proved that illness and disease rates in excavation centers continue to subject mine workers to permanent or temporary hearing loss (Richard Archer; Kerry Borthwick; Michelle Travers; Leo Ruschena, 2014). Moreover, it seems that intolerable noises in mining centers often lead to increased blood pressure and sometimes can account for accelerated pulse rates, and contraction of human blood vessels. Employees subjected to high noise levels often complain of insomnia, nervousness, and exhaustion. As a result, it is of paramount importance to carry out research on this issue to provide recommendations to Australian mine managements regarding the health of laborers and maximizing the competency in productiveness. As emphasized by (Rom Markowitz, 2007)in his work, there is the need for a change. Determinations executed in an attempt to decrease unnecessary noises from any source to bearable levels through changing auditory features and reducing the duration of exposure might be employed as the principles of noise control in Australian mining centers. Besides, legal measurers should be taken against those mining managers failing to comply with the set rules and regulation guidelines. Mining workers should be made aware of their rights as employees, and this practice will go a long way enabling them to fight for their privileges in case of any defilement. Managers in an attempt to ensure conformity to the rules of the game should make sure that ethical methodologies are put into place to safeguard the safety of mineworkers(Grammeno, 2009). They ought for instance, provide medical covers to both experienced and inexperienced, skilled on non-skilled employees who may suffer from hearing impairments occurring as a result of prolonged exposure to noises. The current management/ control measures in place and the effect these have on eliminating or minimizing the occupational health hazard Currently, Australian mining companies have employed effective control measures meant to abate noise in the worksites. Diverse administrative actions have been in the first line of defense in curbing miners against fatal repercussions due to noises (Sensogut, 2007). These measures can be categorized into three groups, namely: Equipment Practice: These are methods that relate directly to the selection and usage of mining machines to achieve declined noise levels. Functioning and administrative practices: These practices are also related to the design and utilization of the excavating operation tailored to acquire decreased exposure to noise. Engineering noise mitigation: Eliminating harmful noise from the workplace through engineering mitigation measures is considered the most effective tactic of preventing noise-induced hearing impairment. For this purpose, tools hardware vicissitudes are executed, mainly to lessen machine noise production levels. So far it is clear that mining machinery such as stage loaders, continuous miners, compressors , shearers, pneumatic drilling machines, and fans and might be regarded as the chief contributors to excessive noise levels in underground mining. Besides, mineworkers have gotten used to a multiplicity of sound sources during the regular working hours. As opposed to the thought of majority, hearing impairments ascending from instantaneous high levels of noise seldom happen; nevertheless, the chief cause is elongated levels of sound. The length of subjection period when mineworkers are exposed to extreme noise is rather imperative since it plays a central role in differentiating the sort of hearing impairment being either permanent or temporary. Aforementioned noise ablation approaches can be deemed efficient since they all aim at solving these subject matters. Details of the occupational health program I have chosen In the attempt to generate a more health-giving workplace, my plan will recommend a systematic methodology based on the hierarchy of control. The Hierarchy of Noise Control This hierarchycan be used to determine how to employ successful and efficient control measures. A sample hierarchy of noise mitigation is represented diagrammatically as follows (International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition.; American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Noise Control and Acoustics Division., 2015). As discussed by (Ebrary, Inc., 2003) the best course of action towards dealing with noise in a typical workplace such as a mining center is eliminating the primary source of noise. Whenever elimination does not work substitution of the flamboyant machinery properly for quieter one might be taken as the next best substitute to guard workers against perilous noise. If the harmful noise cannot be regulated by means of eliminating the substitution or source of quieter tools, engineering control measures can be put in in order to decrease noise to a safer level or eradicate noise at the source. Personal protective equipment often abbreviated as PPE, for example, ear plugs devices are the ultimate selection in the control hierarchy. PPE is usually less efficient than substitution, elimination, and engineering measures since they entirely depend on human actions to diminish noise. However, utilized together with other control levels, like administrative measures, PPE might give mineworker f ortification when engineering approaches fail to sufficiently eradicate the noise hazard (Donoghue, 2004). The program will also provide the mining managers with various solutions which they can use to lessen noise in the workplace. They can consider the following solutions whenever generating their hearing loss prevention programs. Purchase Quiet - choose and buy low-noise machinery and tools Preserve equipment and tools regularly (such as grease gears) Decrease machine quivering where possible Separate the source of noise in a segregated room or field Put a barricade between the source of noise and the worker Detach the wage earner from the noise source in a chamber or cubicle (for example sound wall or windows). Desired outcomes and the goals of the program This hearing protection program is given as guidance to help managers and mineworkers in conforming to the fundamental requirements needed to maintain the health and safety of all and sundry and provide supplementary helpful information. The program is not meant to supplant the already implemented practices. A manager ought to review them for certain necessities deemed appropriate to their individual state of affairs and make modifications to this program which are explicit to their business. It is anticipated to help in decreasing occupational hearing deficiencies especially by acquainting the user with some of the efficient methods a company can implement such as those listed in the Hierarchy of Control. Activities That Will Be Involved In Developing and Implementing the Program Some of the activities include noise monitoring, employee training, hearing protection, among others such as conducting audiograms or hearing tests. Program Procedures Noise Monitoring: Monitoring for intensive noise subjection intensities will be carried out by Responsible Person. It will be the duty of the individual mining subdivisions to inform Responsible Person whenever there is a conceivable necessity for monitoring. This activity will be conducted by use of equipment such as sound level meters as well as individual dosimeters at the preference of Responsible Person. Employee Training: Affected workers will be obliged to be present for training regarding the appropriate utilization and wearing of hearing safeguards. These training will be performed by a Responsible Person or depending on the topic, a selected individual. The training sessions shall comprise of the following constituents: in what manner noise of high-intensity influences hearing and hearing forfeiture; evaluation of the hearing fortification standards such as OSHA; description of audiometric testing; instructions and procedures; places within the workplaces property where hearing safety is essential; and How to utilize and care for hearing armaments. Hearing Protection Management, employees, and supervisors will appropriately wear the recommended hearing protection when working or walking through any zone which is labeled as a high noise area. Hearing safety shall be offered free of charge to workers who conduct responsibilities labeled as having an extraordinary noise exposure and substituted as necessary. Hearing Tests/ Audiograms Workers bound by the Hearing Conservation Program and have Time-Weighted Average (TWA) intense noise subjections of about 85 dBA or even higher for an eight-hour job shift shall be needed to undergo both annual and baseline hearing test. The tests shall be administered by the particular Company and performed at no cost to the wage earner. A clear framework will be used to guide through the monitoring and evaluation process of this program.The framework will clarify how the program ought to function by laying out the constituents of the initiative as well as the procedure or the steps required to accomplish the anticipated outcomes(Rink, 2010). The framework will increase understanding of the primary goals and objectives of the program goals and, define the connections between the major factors to execution, and articulate the internal and external rudiments which might affect the programs feasibility.Besides, the program will be put into a practical test which will be meant to assess its effectiveness of in occupational health management. Tools and methods for evaluating this program will involve both gathering of qualitative data say through interviews and quantitative data, for instance, numeric survey ratings (Jody Zall Kusek; Ray C Rist, 2004). Conclusion Subjection to noise and noise-prompted hearing impairments are still widespread in the Australian mining industry. The majority of the hazards emanate from the necessity to employ heavy equipment underground, but as depicted in this paper careful design and novel technology and resources can be utilized to minimalize this. Some gradation of enduring hearing protection might well be needed, but this ought to be part and parcels of a well-designed hearing fortification program. As hearing fortification is so extensively applied, practices such as audiometric monitoring are vital and imperative in resolving this issue (Active Noise Control Primer, 2000). In conclusion, a comprehensive program of hearing conservation in Australian coal mines ought to be introduced in order to detect those activities which carry bear risk and to minimalize noise exposure. References Craig Hollenback; American Industrial Hygiene Association. Management Committee. (2007). Industrial hygiene safety auditing : a manual for practice. Fairfax, VA: AIHA Press. Active Noise Control Primer. (2000). New York, NY: Springer New York. Chua, C. L., Tsiaplias, S. . (2009). Can consumer sentiment and its components forecast Australian GDP and consumption?. ournal of Forecasting,, 698-711. Donoghue, A. M. (2004). Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview. Occupational Medicine, 283-289. Ebrary, Inc. (2003). Occupational health and safety in the care and use of nonhuman primates. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Giere?, R., Stille, P. (2004). Energy, waste and the environment : a geochemical perspective. London : Geological Soc. Grammeno, G. (2009). Planning occupational health safety. North Ryde, N.S.W: CCH Australia. Horberry, T., Burgess-Limerick, R., Steiner, L. J. . (2010). Human factors for the design, operation, and maintenance of mining equipment. Taylor Francis. International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition.; American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Noise Control and Acoustics Division. (2015). Proceedings of the ASME Noise Control and Acoustics Division : presented at the ... ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. New York, N.Y.: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Jody Zall Kusek; Ray C Rist. (2004). Ten steps to a results-based monitoring and evaluation system : a handbook for development practitioners. Washington, DC: World Bank. Oleynik, I. S. (2005). Australia : mineral mining sector investment and business guide. Washington, DC: International Business Publications. Richard Archer; Kerry Borthwick; Michelle Travers; Leo Ruschena. (2014). South Melbourne: Cengage Learning. Rink, J. (2010). Schoolwide physical activity : a comprehensive guide to designing and conducting programs. Champaign: Human Kinetics. Rom, W. N., Markowitz, S. (2007). Environmental and occupational medicine. Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams Wilkins,. Sensogut, C. (2007). Occupational Noise in Mines and Its Control . Polish J. of Environ., 939-942. Tak, S., Davis, R. R., Calvert, G. M. . (2009). Exposure to hazardous workplace noise and use of hearing protection devices among US workersNHANES. 19992004. American journal of industrial medicine, 358-371

Joe DEustachio Essays (997 words) - United States,

Joe D'Eustachio SPE 101 Famous Speech Purpose: To explain how Franklin Delano Roosevelt's First Inaugural Address was so impactful to the people of America during the Great Depression. Central Idea: On March 4, 1933, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was sworn in as the new President of the United States while the Great Depression was at its height. It was at the Capitol Building where he delivered his first inaugural address that not only invigorated the American spirit, but restored hope that the darkest days of the depression were behind them, and gave him the support he needed to launch his New Deal. Franklin D. Roosevelt, or FDR for short, is remembered as one of the greatest Presidents of all time. He was the only president to be elected four times! Roosevelt was the leader of the United States during one of the most difficult times in our country's history: The G reat Depression . FDR's First Inaugural Address is perhaps one of the most memorable speeches of all time. When Roosevelt was inaugurated, the United States was in utter turmoil. The Great Depression, as it soon became known as, was at its seemed to be at its peak. The American people were beaten and broken from this depression, and FDR was able to deliver an uplifting speech where he united them to get through the it together. Today, I would like to tell you all not only about the life of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and how his First Inaugural Address was able to rally the people of America together to beat the depression. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born January 30, 1882 into the wealthy Roosevelt family. He was the only child to James and Sara Ann Delano Roosevelt, and lived at his family's estate Springwood, which is in Hudson Valley, New York. He studied law, and went on to go to Harvard and Columbia, until passing the bar exam in 1907. However, the practice of law bored him, and he set his eyes on more prestigious goals. Roosevelt was a democrat, and held many seats in office before becoming President. He was the New York state Senate, Secretary of the Navy, and Governor of New York. However, in 1921, he contracted polio. He thought his political career was over, but with help from his wife Eleanor, FDR had learned how to walk short distances in braces, and not be seen in public in his wheelchair. It was not until the stock market crash of 1929 that Roosevelt decided to run for president. He defeated Herbert Hoover in 1932, who was running for a second term with the Republican party, wit h an upbeat attitude, and a promise for change. As for the other three elections he won, they were all landslide victories. FDR had led the U.S. through some very tough times. The stress from The Great Depression, the Pearl Harbor attacks, and World War II took its toll on the President, who was very sick to begin with. He is remembered as a remarkably strong man for everything he was able to shoulder during what was going on in the world during his presidency. Franklin Roosevelt passed away from a massive cerebral hemorrhage on April 12, 1945 while still in office, and Harry Truman became president. FDR is remembered as being a terrific public speaker. He lifted audiences out of their seats, especially with his First Inaugural Address. It was held on March 4, 1933 at the United States Capitol after he had defeated Republican Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election. Following the financial infrastructure collapsing, bank failure, taking families' entire life savings with them and sending the unemployment rate ridiculously high. So, when Roosevelt called for swift and decisive action, the people wereecstatic. His plans to utilize the full power of the U.S. government to put people back to work were the actions people were waiting for; his message that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself" were just the words America needed to hear. I chose this speech because I believe it showed how incredible of a public speaker FDR was. His energy, attitude, and charm were how he was able to "Wow" audiences that listened to

Constantine essays

Constantine essays Constantine was not a religious man. In fact, most of his cares rest upon his power over the Roman Empire and the Roman Empires power over the rest of the world. He stood by any god or force that would gain him victory in the battlefield or prosperity at home. (Sayers 280) He did not look at anything religious with an inner reflection to his own feelings or ideas but with a goal or a need with which the religious scheme could provide him. He would back any person of any religion for loyalty and cooperation. Reasons such as these lead to the belief that Constantine converted and encouraged Christianity in the Roman Empire as a means of propagating power, rather than because of strong religious belief on his part. (Sayers 281) According to Eusebius, Constantines personal biographer and close friend, Constantine was born between AD 273 and 275 in the city of Naissus (a city in the Balkan Islands). (Varner 1) He was enrolled in the military at an early age and thus lacked a formal education. As a teenager he was enrolled in a military group known as the Protectors. (Varner 21) Protectors were used to guard high-ranking officials and including the emperor himself. He was not religious as a young man, concerned only with politics and military strategies. His father was Flavius Valerius Constantius, an army officer, and his mother, who he loved dearly throughout his life, was Helena. His father was promoted to the rank of Caesar, or deputy emperor, in AD 293, thus Constantine was destined to be emperor. (Varner 2) After his fathers promotion Constantine served in Augustus Maximians court in the west. He became Emperor of this western area in AD 306. (Varner 20-24) Constantine knew that Christian people were numerous in places all over the empire and that the persecutions of these people only made the empire weaker. He disliked their persecution as they were good people, smart and very down to earth but most importantly...

The Chemical Reaction That Causes Rust

The Chemical Reaction That Causes Rust Rust is the common name for iron oxide. The most familiar form of rust is the reddish coating that forms flakes on iron and steel (Fe2O3), but rust also comes in other colors, including yellow, brown, orange, and even green! The different colors reflect various chemical compositions of rust. Rust specifically refers to oxides on iron or iron alloys, such as steel. Oxidation of other metals has other names. There is tarnish on silver and verdigris on copper, for example. The Chemical Reaction That Forms Rust Although rust is considered the result of an oxidation reaction, its worth noting not all iron oxides are rust. Rust forms when oxygen reacts with iron  but simply putting iron and oxygen together isnt sufficient. Although about 20 percent  of air consists of oxygen, rusting doesnt occur in dry air. It occurs in moist air and in water. Rust requires three chemicals to form: iron, oxygen, and water. iron water oxygen  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  hydrated iron(III) oxide This is an example of an electrochemical reaction and corrosion. Two distinct electrochemical reactions occur: There is anodic dissolution or oxidation of iron going into aqueous (water) solution: 2Fe  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  2Fe2  Ã‚  Ã‚  4e- Cathodic reduction of oxygen that is dissolved into water also occurs: O2  Ã‚   2H2O 4e-  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  4OH-  Ã‚   The iron ion and the hydroxide ion react to form iron hydroxide:   2Fe2   4OH-  Ã‚  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  2Fe(OH)2 The iron oxide reacts with oxygen to yield red rust, Fe2O3.H2O Because of the electrochemical nature of the reaction, dissolved electrolytes in water aid the reaction. Rust occurs more quickly in saltwater than in pure water, for example. Keep in mind oxygen gas, O2, is not the only source of oxygen in air or water. Carbon dioxide, CO2, also contains oxygen. Carbon dioxide and water react to form weak carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is a better electrolyte than pure water. As the acid attacks the iron, water breaks into hydrogen and oxygen. Free oxygen and dissolved iron form iron oxide, releasing electrons, which can flow to another part of the metal. Once rusting starts, it continues to corrode the metal. Preventing Rust Rust is brittle, fragile,  progressive, and weakens iron and steel. To protect iron and its alloys from rust, the surface needs to be separated from air and water. Coatings can be applied to iron. Stainless steel contains chromium, which forms an oxide, much like how iron forms rust. The difference is the chromium oxide does not flake away, so it forms a protective layer on the steel.

Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Presentation - Essay Example Several studies have also demonstrated that the development of vocabulary knowledge early in school influences reading comprehension skills later in life. Since the founding of the first school for deaf students in the U.S. in 1817, literacy has been a primary educational goal for the deaf. Many different communication approaches such as oral/auditory communication, total communication, and bilingual/bicultural communication have been used in the pursuit of this goal. Despite almost 200 years of attention, DHH students are still leaving school with language skills that are grossly underdeveloped and, in many cases, are not even achieving functional literacy. This study focuses on the research question of what serves effectively to improve deaf students’ acquisition of new reading vocabulary in the third grade. A questionnaire was designed to gather teachers’ views on the most effective approaches that enable students to achieve greater academic success in building vocabulary: oral/auditory communication, total communication, or bilingual/bicultural

The Life of D. H. Lawrence Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Life of D. H. Lawrence - Term Paper Example In fact there are only few subjects which failed to grab the attention of DH Lawrence. Since many of his opinions were against the traditions and existing laws of English social life, he earned many enemies during his life span. In fact he forced to live in exile just like the current literature writers Salman Rushdie and Taslima Nasrin because of the controversial remarks he made against English social life through his literatures. His liberal views about sexual life earned him the reputation or title as a pornographer during the latter stages of his life. In short, DH Lawrence was a misunderstood a person during his life period even though he got wide recognition at present. This paper analyses the life of DH Lawrence and his contributions as a novelist, poet, play writer, essayist, literary critic and painter. â€Å"David Herbert Lawrence was born on September 11, 1885, in Eastwood, Nottinghamshire, central England. He was the fourth child of a struggling coal miner who was a hea vy drinker. His mother was a former schoolteacher† (DH Lawrence). His mother had better education than his father and therefore his father developed some inferiority complex which caused many problems in the family. As his father spent majority of his earnings for drinking, only the mother’s earning were used for the family expenses. However, her earnings were not sufficient enough to meet the living expenses of a big family and therefore DH Lawrence faced poverty during his childhood life. In fact his bitter early childhood experiences made him tougher as he grown up. DH Lawrence was a smart student during his childhood and has completed his school studies with some scholarships. After the completion of school education or matriculation, he failed to get college education because of poverty in his family. He accepted various jobs like clerk, school teacher etc immediately after the completion of his school education in order to support his family. At the age of 25, DH Lawrence lost his mother. In fact, â€Å"he helped her die by giving her an overdose of sleeping medicine† (DH Lawrence). Even though mercy killing is acceptable up to certain extent in the current society, it was not so in the past. Lawrence’s action of assisting his mother die brought many criticisms during that period. The conservative English society was not in a position to accept such activities at that time. DH Lawrence suffered lot of criticisms because of this act and even though his intentions were positive. DH Lawrence started his literature writing even before the death of his mother. In 1909, a number of Lawrence's poems were published by Ford Max Ford in the English Review. The appearance of his first novel, The White Peacock (1911), launched Lawrence into a writing career. In 1912 he met Frieda von Richthofen, the professor Ernest Weekly's wife and fell in love with her. Lawrence's novel Sons and Lovers appeared in 1913 and was based on his childhood. In 1914 Lawrence married Frieda von Richthofen, and traveled with her in several countries. Lawrence's fourth novel, The Rainbow (1915), was about two sisters growing up in the north of England. Lawrence started to write The Lost Girl in Italy. He dropped the novel for some years and rewrote the story in an old Sicilian farmhouse near Taormina in 1920 (DH Lawrence). The beginning of

Elementary School Conduct Essay Example for Free

Elementary School Conduct Essay Keeping in mind the fact that the beginning years of a child’s academic education build the foundation of his future life, this school holds certain policies, which aim to provide an effective learning climate where students are trained to develop social skills and gain responsibility. This paper outlines those policies as well as presents a number of academic and behavioral standards that should be maintained by the school members at all times. Academic Standards The academic syllabus of our school stresses on three chief study courses: †¢ Skill development of different forms of communication, which include comprehensive reading and listening, good legible handwriting, and speaking power. †¢ Providing an appropriate understanding of the use of numbers and the significance of basic calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) in our daily lives. †¢ Development of relationship building skills, which give the students a chance to interact with people outside their home and expand their social circle. Moreover, as these students are new to the academic world, our school makes it mandatory to construct such a syllabus that widens their conception of the world they live in. In view of this notion, students from Grade-1 to Grade-6 are taught about love at home, neighbor and classmate relationships, relationship between one’s own society and the others, the state and country they live in, and lastly, information about the rest of the world, respectively. In addition, character building and teamwork is encouraged throughout the elementary level. (McCarthy, 1990) Behavioral Standards In order to create a disciplined and comfortable learning environment for the students, our school requires all school members to appreciate and conform to the following rules and regulations regarding their conduct at the facility: †¢ Honor the attributes and integrity of themselves and other people present at the school. †¢ Hold a fair attitude to everyone at school avoiding any form of discrimination whether it is racial, cultural, gendered, ethnic, etc. †¢ Communicate in a decent fashion avoiding any form of profanity or obscene gestures. †¢ Avoid an attitude that is hurtful, discriminatory or unacceptable in any other form, to anyone at school. †¢ Everyone should be dressed in compliance with the dressing code of the school. †¢ Commodities belonging to the school or any other person should be dealt with proper care. †¢ Appreciate the different tasks assigned to the various employees working at the school. †¢ Avoid carrying any form of harmful instruments inside the school building. †¢ Avoid consumption of any substance that could cause to lose your actual demeanor. Members of the school failing to comply with the above rules will have to face consequences in accordance with intensity and frequency of their offences. (Student Services Division, 2001) Professional Relationships The teachers at our school are trained to cooperate and work jointly with the parents in order to augment the learning abilities of students both at school and home. Moreover, our school works conjointly with various professionals and organizations to build a healthier learning climate for the students. Roles Responsibilities Students: †¢ Should avail every chance to learn offered to them, and study to the best of their abilities. †¢ Should come to school regularly and attend all classes, reporting any reason for an absence. †¢ Should understand and follow all the rules, and face the consequences of any misconduct. †¢ Should handle school or any other individual’s property with appropriate care. †¢ Should participate in creating a secure and suitable learning climate for the pupils. Parents: †¢ Should extend any hand required to expand their children’s learning abilities. †¢ Should encourage their students to comply with all the rules and standards of the school. †¢ Should have regular meetings with the teachers on their child’s overall progress. †¢ Should make sure that their children are well fed and physically fit for school. †¢ Should cooperate with the teachers in providing their children with quality education. Teachers: †¢ Should provide a keen knowledge and understanding of the syllabus assigned to them. †¢ Should use techniques that provide a quicker and better understanding of the subject. †¢ Should compare the results and use the more influential teaching method. †¢ Should devise various plans and strategies for students that require special attention. †¢ Should discuss with students their academic progress, and give advice for its enhancement. †¢ Should take every action necessary to maintain a healthy and disciplined working climate. †¢ Should make an effort to create respect, in the minds of the students for any race, minority, religion or country found anywhere in the world.†¢ Should maintain a healthy classroom at all times (Student Services Division, 2001) Works Cited 1. McCarthy, William G. (1990). Elementary School. In The World Book Encyclopedia (Vol. 6, pp. 223). Chicago: World Book, Inc. 2. School Code of Conduct. (2001). Student Services Division. Retrieved July 27, 2008, from Nova Scotia Department of Education. Website: http://www. ednet. ns. ca/pdfdocs/studentsvcs/code_of_conduct/conduct. pdf

Thomas Kuhns Structure of Scientific Revolutions Essays -- Book Revie

The aim of this essay is to provide a summary and critique of Thomas S. Kuhn’s groundbreaking thesis ‘The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.’ This will be done by analyzing his concepts of ‘paradigm’, ‘normal science’ and ‘scientific revolutions.’ Following the overview I will present the example of ‘The Copernican Revolution’ to empirically show a paradigm shift. The rest of the essay is concerned specifically with critically examining Kuhn’s notion of a paradigm and the incommensurability between them. I will show that to define paradigm is a never ending task however this should not hinder the usefulness of the concept itself. Before Kuhn’s book was written, the commonly held position by scientists and philosophers of science, such as Mach and Otswald , about the structure of science; was that it involved linear progression as a result of an incremental accumulation of knowledge from the activities undertaken by members of the scientific community. They thought that as generations of scientists observed more and more, their understanding of a particular scientific fact would become better refined through an ever growing stockpile of facts, theories and methods. The aim of the historian of science would be to pin point the man and the moment in time a further discovery was made; whilst also describing the obstacles that inhibited scientific progression. Then in 1962, Kuhn’s revolutionary book challenged the prevailing model of the history of science and argued for an episodic structure in which periods of conceptual continuity in normal science are interrupted by periods of revolutionary science. I will begin by outlining the core concepts that Kuhn presents at the beginning of his thesis. The backbone of Kuh... ... with its easy and friendly applicability means that it fulfils the aims of which Kuhn wanted. To tell the story of how science was structured. Bibliography Bonini, C. P. (1963). Simulation of information and decision systems in the firm. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall. Kuhn, T. S. (1962. Second Edition, enlarged, 1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago. Masterman, M. (1970). The Nature of a Paradigm. In I. Lakatos, & A. Musgrave (Eds.), Criticism and The Growth of Knowledge (pp. 59-90). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shapere, D. (1964). Review: The structure of Scientific Revolutions. The Philosophical Review , 73 (3), 383-394. Shapere, D. (1971, May). The Paradigm Concept. Science , 172 (3984), pp. 706-709. Weinberg, S. (1998). Scientific Revolutions. New York Review of Books , XLV (15).

Wrongful Conception

The traditional way of doing things in America goes as follows; you meet Mr. or Mrs. Right, you get married, buy a house and have a family. After having all the children that one family wants someone in the relationship makes the responsible decision to be permanently sterilized or continue using birth control until menopause. Being permanently sterilized means, having the woman’s fallopian tubes either clamped or cut so as no more eggs are release into the uterus or having a man’s seminal vesicles cut so that no sperm is ejaculated. When a pregnancy occurs after one of these measures has been taken, it is looked into as wrongful conception or wrongful pregnancy. Women can become pregnant when their fallopian tubes were not completely cut, a man’s seminal vesicles are not severed all the way or something is wrong with the birth control in which she is taking. Wrongful conception, also known as wrongful pregnancy, is a case of action based on negligence in the provision of birth control or performance of sterilization procedures that result in an unwanted pregnancy. Sullivan, 2000) Physicians and pharmacists have come under legal trouble when a patient becomes pregnant and it is unwanted. Women have many reasons for no longer wanting any more children. It could be due to the age of the women and she is at a higher risk for the child to be mentally handicapped. The couple could merely be done having children because they have the desired amount that they could afford and wanted. The woman could have had a ve ry difficult pregnancy in the past and therefore not want to put her at risk any further. All of these are legitimate reasons to have a surgical intervention to no longer have children or to prevent having children with birth control. Many of those parents who end up taking legal action against a physician are those who have genetic disorders that they do not wish to pass on to their unborn children. Parents who have genetic testing done and find out that the likelihood of their children developing sickle cell anemia, downs syndrome or any other genetic disorder choose to no longer put themselves in the running to conceive a child. According to The Journal of Health, many medical malpractice claims have been brought against doctors by parents of children born with genetic diseases. In most of these cases, the parents allege either that the physicians failed to inform the parents of the availability of genetic testing for the unborn child or that the physician negligently performed the genetic testing. These claims automatically make physicians, genetic counselors, and genetic testing laboratories possible defendants in civil law suits. As the patient or victim, it is a crushing moment to find out that someone failed to do their job and now an innocent life is being brought unwanted into the world. Patients have a Bill of Rights that must be followed by any physician or hospital. Patients have the right to access their own medical records. According to George D. Pozgar, patients may have access to information which includes, â€Å"that maintained or possessed by a health care organization and/or a health care practitioner who has treated or is treating a patient† (Pozgar, 2010, p. 396). With this right in place, patients should be able to prevent unwanted pregnancies from happening. This right makes for an open book policy in many hospital and physician offices. Patients now have access to their labs and records online or even in the physician’s office. The history behind wrongful conception is hard to determine with a timeline. It appears that when patients could have genetic testing done is when the number of cases started to arise for legal action being taken against physicians. One of the first reported cases was in 1974 with a family who sued their physician who performed a vasectomy after the couple’s fourth child. Continuing on from 1974 until present day, there are many patients that are affected from the actions of physicians all over. Currently, patients rely on medical testing to look for genetic disorders that can affect unborn children. Testing is becoming more and more advanced every day. Many pregnant have option to undergo genetic testing at twelve weeks to check for downs syndrome, trisomy 18, or trisomy 13. At the same time as these blood tests, an ultrasound test for fetal nuchal translucency is performed. Nuchal translucency screening uses an ultrasound test to examine the area at the back of the fetal neck for increased fluid. â€Å"Common tests during,†) During the second trimester of pregnancy a whole new set of blood tests are performed. Alpha-fetoprotein screening is done to determine open neural tube defects (ONTD) such as spina bifida, Down syndrome, other chromosomal abnormalities, defects in the abdominal wall of the fetus, twins – more than one fetus is mak ing the protein, or a miscalculated due date, as the levels vary throughout pregnancy. (â€Å"Common tests during,†) Some of these tests can come back negative when in reality they are positive or patients can also get a false-negative result. Patient now sign consents so that they will not sue the physicians when these rare occurrences happen. The way that lawsuits and malpractice suits have come up, the rate of lawsuits against physicians will continue to rise. It seems that physicians need to have malpractice insurance with higher premiums due to the fact the patients now are â€Å"sue happy†. Physicians are very careful about what information they tell their patients and with how tests and physical examinations are given. The more information and the more physicians explain circumstances to patients, the less likely a patient is to sue. There are patients who look for reasons to file malpractice suits against physicians. Wrongful conceptions or wrongful pregnancies do happen. There are many reasons for this unhappy occurrence to happen, physician wrongdoing, pharmacist tampering or misinformation given to the patient. No matter what the reason is that the conception happened, the parents of the unborn child are still going to be affected. To compensate for some of the mental and emotional damage that is going to be done with having an unplanned pregnancy, patients are choosing to sue physicians. References Pozgar, G. D. (2010). Legal and ethical Issues for health professionals (2nd ed.) Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Sullivan, Mary B. (2000, March 22). Article: wrongful birth and wrongful conception: a parent's need for a cause of action. . Retrieved from http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-85016556.html Common tests during pregnancy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/pregnant/tests.html Untitled. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.loislaw.com/gpc/[email  protected]

Factors Affecting Lexical Access Time Essay

Words are known as the building blocks of language, as they help us to understand both written and spoken language. Word recognition and lexical access are known to be bottom up processes, meaning that we can identify what something is by learning its parameters and building our ideas upwards. Lexical accessing is the act of accessing our mental lexicon and obtaining all information about a word, such as its meaning, sound and appearance (Harley, 2010). Lexical processing consists of 3 main components, identifying, naming, and understanding. Identifying a word consists of simply deciding if the letter string is or is not a word. Understanding a word is the ability to access a words meaning. Naming a word consists of accessing the sound of a word (Harley, 2010). Psycholinguists are very interested in investigating word processing, thus the lexical decision task was introduced. This task consists of timing how long a participant takes to identify whether a word is familiar or not when they are presented with a string of letters that may be a real word, an impossible non-words or a possible. Whereas real words are words of English that follow phonotactic constraints and have meaning, possible non-words obey phonotactic constraints but lack meaning, and impossible non-words violate phonotactic constraints and lack meaning. During this lexical decision process, many factors will affect how long the participant will take to identify if the letter string is a word or not. To name a few, the frequency effect states that the more common or frequently used a word is, the easier it is to recognize as a word (Harley, 2010). Age of acquisition, is an effect that states that the earlier in life that a word is acquired, that the word will be easily recognized (Harley, 2010). Lastly, word concreteness and imagery has an affect as abstract words evoke less imagery than concrete words, in turn, high imagery words have better memory recall (Howell, 2010). Method In the present experiment, the experimenter is simultaneously the participant. The participant was provided with two set lists of letter strings. Each list of letter strings consisted of 20 letter strings that were either words, non-words or arbitrary strings of letters, in which the participant was instructed to complete a lexical decision task based on these letter strings. First, the participant was instructed to read the first list of letter strings, and say aloud to themselves â€Å"yes† if they decided the letter string was a word, and â€Å"no† if they decided the letter string was not a word. The participant was instructed to time and record how long it took for them to complete the list. The first list of letter strings is the following: tlat, revery, voitle, chard, wefe, cratily, decoy, zner, raflot, oriole, voluble, boovle, mrock, awry, signet, trave, crock, cryptic, ewe, himpola. Next, the participant was instructed to perform the same task using the second set list of letter strings, also timing and recording how long it took to complete this list. The second list of words is the following: mulvow, clock, bank, tuglety, gare, relief, ruftily, history, pindle, develop, norve, busy, effort, garvola, match, sard, pleasant, coin, maisle. Results The participant completed the lexical decision task of list 1 in 28.3 seconds and completed list 2 in 23.7 seconds. The following table shows the decisions made by the participant for each word. List 1| List 2| tlat: norevery: novoitle: nochard: yeswefe: nocratily: nodecoy: yes| zner: noraflot: nooriole: yes voluble: yesboovle: nomrock: noawry: yes| signet: notrave: nocrock: no cryptic: yesewe: nohimpola: no| mulvow: noclock: yesbank: yestuglety: nogare: norelief: yesruftily: no| history: nopindle: nodevelop: yes gardot: nonorve: nobusy: yes effort: yes| garvola: nomatch: yessard: nopleasant: yescoin: yesmaisle: no| Discussion In evaluating the results of this experiment, many factors come into action that effect the participant’s lexical access. Firstly, it is key to note the differences between the two set lists of letter strings. List 1 consists of both words, possible non-words and impossible non-words, while list 2 only consists of words and possible non-words. Due to the fact that impossible non-words are easily recognizable as a string of letters that is not in the English language, list 1 automatically decreases its total decision time, as both â€Å"tlat† and â€Å"mrock† both violate phonotactic constraints of the English language. This is because it was noted that impossible non-words are rejected more quickly than possible non-words (Howell, 2012). Aside from these two impossible non-words, one can see both set lists of words contain all possible words of English, which then causes the participant to go beyond the identifying stage in lexical processing and advance to the n ext stage, understanding. In the understanding stage, the words meaning is attempted to be accessed to aid in determining whether the string of letters is or is not a word. The frequency effect comes into play in this stage, as frequent words have a much shorter reaction time in the lexical decision task because they are familiar. Therefore, words such as â€Å"decoy† and â€Å"cryptic† in list 1 and â€Å"clock†, â€Å"bank†, â€Å"relief†, â€Å"history†, â€Å"develop†, â€Å"effort†, â€Å"match†, â€Å"pleasant† and â€Å"coin† in list 2, which are frequent to the participant, are quickly decided as words. Due to the frequency effect ultimately because of the familiarity of the words, the meaning of these words does not need to be accessed. This is because high frequency words are accessed faster than low frequency words (Forster & Chambers, 1973). However, when possible non-words are at hand, the understanding stage is entered, to aid in this decision. When the participant does not immediately access a meaning for the letter string, the word deems to be given the status of â€Å"no†. Consequently, this causes a longer reaction time in determining whether a possible non-word is or is not a word. As one can see list 1 has many more possible words than list 2, which ultimately causes list 1 to take longer to complete in the decision task. The factor of age of acquisition is also seen as an effect in this experiment as when dealing with the real words, those that were acquired at a younger age such as â€Å"clock†, â€Å"coin†, and â€Å"bank† were also identified quicker than other real words such as â€Å"relief†, â€Å"pleasant† and â€Å"develop†. Along with this point, the separation between the words acquired at a younger age and those acquired later, is that the words acquired at a younger age are concrete words rather than the other words being abstract words. This is because abstract words evoke less imagery than concrete words do, and high imagery words actually have better memory recall, thus affecting the speed of lexical access (Howell, 2012). Conclusion In addressing the differences of performance between the two lists of word strings, it is clear that the participant took longer to decide if a possible word was a word or not due to the fact that it was necessary to advance to the next stage of lexical processing, understanding, to search their mental lexicon for a meaning. Highly frequent words as well as low frequent were easily recognized, as a meaning was instantly accessed, causing the participant to remain in the identification stage. While impossible words were also equally recognized and dismissed due to their obvious violation of the phonotactic constraints of English. After evaluating these factors that specifically affect the lexical access time, one can clearly see why the first word list would take the participant longer to complete due to it having more possible words than real words or impossible words. References Forster, K. & Chambers, S. (1973). Lexical access and naming time. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour 12, 627-635 Harley, T.A. (2010). Talking the talk: Language, psychology, and science. Hove, England: Psychology Press. Howell, J. (oral communication, Lecture 5: Meaning. October 16th , 2012).

Ernest Hemmingway Essays - Ernest Hemingway, In Our Time

Ernest Hemmingway Essays - Ernest Hemingway, In Our Time Ernest Hemmingway Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois. His father was the owner of a prosperous real estate business. His father, Dr. Hemingway, imparted to Ernest the importance of appearances, especially in public. Dr. Hemingway invented surgical forceps for which he would not accept money. He believed that one should not profit from something important for the good of mankind. Ernest's father, a man of high ideals, was very strict and censored the books he allowed his children to read. He forbad Ernest's sister from studying ballet for it was coeducational, and dancing together led to "hell and damnation". Grace Hall Hemingway, Ernest's mother, considered herself pure and proper. She was a dreamer who was upset at anything which disturbed her perception of the world as beautiful. She hated dirty diapers, upset stomachs, and cleaning house; they were not fit for a lady. She taught her children to always act with decorum. She adored the singing of the birds and th e smell of flowers. Her children were expected to behave properly and to please her, always. Mrs. Hemingway treated Ernest, when he was a small boy, as if he were a female baby doll and she dressed him accordingly. This arrangement was alright until Ernest got to the age when he wanted to be a "gun-toting Pawnee Bill". He began, at that time, to pull away from his mother, and never forgave her for his humiliation. The town of Oak Park, where Ernest grew up, was very old fashioned and quite religious. The townspeople forbad the word "virgin" from appearing in school books, and the word "breast" was questioned, though it appeared in the Bible. Ernest loved to fish, canoe and explore the woods. When he couldn't get outside, he escaped to his room and read books. He loved to tell stories to his classmates, often insisting that a friend listen to one of his stories. In spite of his mother's desire, he played on the football team at Oak Park High School. As a student, Ernest was a perfectionist about his grammar and studied English with a fervor. He contributed articles to the weekly school newspaper. It seems that the principal did not approve of Ernest's writings and he complained, often, about the content of Ernest's articles. Ernest was clear about his writing; he wanted people to "see and feel" and he wanted to enjoy himself while writing. Ernest loved having fun. If nothing was happening, mischievous Ernest made something happen. He would sometimes use forbidden words just to create a ruckus. Ernest, though wild and crazy, was a warm, caring individual. He loved the sea, mountains and the stars and hated anyone who he saw as a fake. During World War I, Ernest, rejected from service because of a bad left eye, was an ambulance driver, in Italy, for the Red Cross. Very much like the hero of A Farewell to Arms, Ernest is shot in his knee and recuperates in a hospital, tended by a caring nurse named Agnes. Like Frederick Henry, in the book, he fell in love with the nurse and was given a medal for his heroism. Ernest returned home after the war, rejected by the nurse with whom he fell in love. He would party late into the night and invite, to his house, people his parents disapproved of. Ernest's mother rejected him and he felt that he had to move from home. He moved in with a friend living in Chicago and he wrote articles for The Toronto Star. In Chicago he met and then married Hadley Richardson. She believed that he should spend all his time in writing, and bought him a typewriter for his birthday. They decided that the best place for a writer to live was Paris, where he could devote himself to his writing. He said, at the time, that the most difficult thing to write about was being a man. They could not live on income from his stories and so Ernest, again, wrote for The Toronto Star. Ernest took Hadley to Italy to show her where he had been during the war. He was devastated, everything had changed, everything was destroyed.

Definition and Use of Strikethrough

Definition and Use of Strikethrough A strikethrough is a horizontal line drawn through text, used to indicate the deletion of an error or the removal of text in a draft. If your work is edited or proofed professionally on paper, understanding common revision and editing symbols and abbreviations will help you process the suggested changes. Strikethroughs are used to recommend the deletion of material in traditional editing processes.In modern social-media contexts, a strikethrough thats shown is sometimes used ironically.In some technical contexts, the history of document changes, including struck passages, serves a valuable public purpose. Conventional Uses of Strikethroughs In document editing, both by hand and through computer-aided editing, a strikethrough conveys the editors intent that the material in question ought to be deleted. A strikethrough is a basic copyediting symbol; in ink-on-paper proofreading, a strikethrough is accompanied by a loop at the end of the line to signify deletion. Editing using the track-changes feature in Microsoft Word, by contrast, indicates the deletion through the use of a red strikethrough. When you revise the document using Words reviewing tools, youll either accept or reject the proposed deletion. If you accept it, the struck text vanishes; if you reject it, the strikethrough vanishes and the text remains as-is.   When you encounter strikethroughs in documents that display in black, it suggests that someone intends an edit but isnt using the Track Changes feature. Public Use Cases for Strikethroughs Beyond the one-to-one document editing, the strikethrough can serve as a public record of changes, reflecting who made what revision at what time. The use of sophisticated version-control systems like Git, Subversion, or Mercurial allow people to change a document (usually with symbols that resemble a Track Changes project, including strikethroughs), but each change is captured with a version record that can be viewed over time. For example, Washington, D.C. publishes city laws using a service called Github. Anyone can view the districts complete set of regulations, including noting what changes were made at specific dates. One author proposed a minor typographic tweak to the districts online laws - a change that the D.C. legal administrator accepted. Not many municipalities, let alone other governmental agencies or public corporations, publish their official documents in this manner, but if more people did, it might enhance transparency and public engagement. Alternative Uses of Strikethroughs Online communication sometimes uses these strikethroughs to communicate, usually with intended humorous irony, that the non-stricken language is official and the text with a strike-through represents the writers genuine, unfiltered opinion. In this context, the strikethrough isnt actually a proofreading symbol, but rather a line through the text. In Microsoft Word or Microsoft Outlook, you can apply a strikethrough (or a double-strikethrough) effect on text without invoking any sort of editing tools. You can even color it red to mimic a track-changes edit. This alternative use of strike-through text: Is intended to be viewedReflects an opinion that shouldnt be expressed using that wordingCan sometimes lightly veil an insultHas nothing to do with document editing Youll see this alternative approach most often in blog postings and social media, where the implied snark is more accepted than it might be in formal business contexts.

The Challenges of E Learning and How I Propose to Deal with Them Essay

The Challenges of E Learning and How I Propose to Deal with Them - Essay Example Online learning refers to such environment where teachers have no physical presence and both students and teachers have to communicate with each other using different communication technologies, such as, internet. E-learning offers a number of considerable benefits to students. Some of the main benefits of learning for students include learning flexibility, improved adaptability to technology, improved computer skills, improved time management ability, and improved communication skills. In the present world, online learning is making its ground because it is proving very beneficial for distance learners (Shepherd 2012). "E-learning with its more active and interesting opportunities is gradually replacing the traditional form of teaching† (Roy 2010, p. 1). However, there exist some problems that learners usually face while studying in an online learning environment. In this paper, we will discuss some key problems that students face when studying in online environments. The pape r will also include some discussion on the ways that can be used to overcome those challenges. 2. Main Issues Some of the main problems for distance learners in online learning environments include decreased interaction with teachers, difficulty in communication through writing, lack of group discussion, and lack of web navigation skills. All of these problems make distance learning difficult for students. Let us discuss these problems in detail and find some solutions to overcome these issues. 2.1 Communication through Writing Communication through writing is one of the main problems associated with e-learning system. E-learning system requires people to be skilled in communicating with fellows and teachers through writing because most of the communication takes place in written form. â€Å"In online learning environment, most communications will be done in written format† (Havert 2010, p. 1). As compared to traditional learning system where students can interact with each o ther and with their teachers verbally, e-learning system requires students to be more efficient in writing. Some people are not skilled in doing electronic mode of communication, such as emails and it creates problems for them as online students. Another very important think to consider in online study environments is the ability to use of blackboards and discussion boards. For example, if we talk about discussion boards, we can say that they not only enable communication between teachers and students but also provide a way to the students to interact with other students. Some online institutes make use of graded discussion boards to measure knowledge of the students. In graded discussion boards, teachers ask the students to write short paragraphs on the topics provided by them. Teachers mark the responses of the students considering the relevance of the content with the topic. Some students are not skilled in the use of graded discussion boards because of which they sometimes miss the deadlines of the discussions and get no marks allocated for the graded discussions. Solution As the ability to communicate through writing is very important for a student doing online study, therefore, students should improve their written communication skills to be successful in online learning environments. They should improive their computer skills, as well as internet skills to reap the benefits of e-learning. Moreover, it is also the

Identify three accomplishments in your professional career and explain Essay - 1

Identify three accomplishments in your professional career and explain how they demonstrate your potential to become a successful manager - Essay Example This was mainly due to the lack of transparency between management and employees. My firm believes that an organization can reach its maximum potential if its members are allowed to honestly provide as well as accept constructive feedback as it makes the circumstances conducive for mutual growth. Following this belief, I took the risk of singlehandedly approaching the higher management and suggesting them to foster open communication where employees and the management could discuss the sales and marketing plans with each other as a team. Initially, my proposal met with disapproval and I was criticized for being a non-conformist. Nevertheless, the skepticism soon turned into acknowledgement with the implementation of the communication policy as per my suggestion. Management realized the benefits of having the company share future plans with the employees more responsively. Accordingly, it opened a new channel between the employees and the management. Later, I asked myself what had mad e me flow against the main stream. It dawned upon me that this incident was an outcome of the very character-building exercise that I was doing since childhood. That exercise encouraged me to rise and face such situations with integrity and perseverance. I was the leader on a project for a pharmaceutical client. We had to implement a SharePoint – InfoPath solution. As it was our first time with a pharmaceutical client, we just made sure that the estimates were objective and optimistic enough to win us the complete project. The actual design consumed considerably lesser time to be made than it does normally, though I strongly believe that if 80 per cent of the total time on a project is spent on designing and clarifying issues, development takes no more than 20 per cent of the time. I resolved to take added responsibilities in order to make sure

International Human Resource Management Literature review

International Human Resource Management - Literature review Example Pancevo which operates with three different brands Weissar, Karlbrew and Starivo, merged with Eden Brewery which operates in Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Moldova and Kasakhstan. The joint venture was officially registered on the 25th of August 2003 and the company was renamed Eden Weisser. After the joint venture Eden not only injected a good flow of capital into the organisation but also resorted to quality enhancement measures such as pasteurisation, product rebranding with a new logo, reshaping the bottles and crates, introducing new plastic bottles and relaunching the Weisser brand. Problems in an International Joint Venture The most important feature of any joint venture is the cross cultural differences that two or more organisations located in different countries have to undergo. Cultural differences often influence the manner in which the partners in the joint venture make strategic decisions and solve problems. For example, the Japanese organisations tend to see interfirm allia nces primarily as interpersonal relationships whereas American organisations view them as endurance of design irrespective of the specific managers that are involved. Performance related pay is more popular in USA than in Germany or Japan. Again, recruitment in USA is a short term action as compared to France, UK and Germany. Training and career planning is the most extensive part in USA. Interpartner differences in avoiding uncertainties and long term orientation have a significant negative effect on the survival of the joint venture while differences in power distance, masculinity and individualism do not have any effect on the survival of any joint venture. The structure of parent control also influences the stability of any joint venture. Dominant management structure can minimise coordination costs and hence outperform shared control joint ventures. However, unequal distribution of ownership gives majority shareholders greater power which can be detrimental to the interest of t he minority owner. A balanced ownership is always advocated so the partners’ bargaining power is evenly matched. Ventures that have split ownership have greater chances of success than the ventures that are dominated by one company. Performance of ventures with a shared rate of control is greater. For example, one organisation has a mechanistic culture that is bureaucratic and hierarchal with clearly defined rules and regulations. The other organisation has an organic culture which means that the organisational structure is informal, non-bureaucratic and decentralised. These fundamental differences in culture will result in a severe conflict in the organisation. It was found out that the mutual understanding of each other`s culture is very essential to a successful relationship between two companies. Expatriation management is also an important feature of any cross-cultural joint venture. Expatriates assignment predominantly

Compensation System For Multinational Corporations Economics Essay

Compensation System For Multinational Corporations Economics Essay Global compensation managers that is, everyone involved at any level in pay-related decisions increasingly deal with two areas of focus. They must manage highly complex and turbulent local details while concurrently building and maintaining a unified, strategic pattern of compensation policies, practices and values. For multinationals successfully to manage compensation and benefits requires knowledge of employment and taxation law, customs, environment and employment practices of many foreign countries, familiarity with currency fluctuations and the effect of inflation on compensation and an understanding of why and when special allowances must be supplied and which allowances are necessary in what countries all within the context of shifting political, economic and social conditions. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MULTI NATIONAL CORPORATION (MNC) AND TRANS NATIONAL CORPORATION (TNC) The both multinationals corporations and transnational corporations operate internationally and their compensation or reward system is also similar, but some differences exist between two, which are: MNCs operate in several different countries while transnational implies just across the border as in the US and Canada. Obviously, both operate internationally A MNC has a centralized headquarters is a corporation with extensive ties international operations in more than one foreign country. Examples are Coke, Pepsi, General Electric, Exxon, Wal-Mart, and Mitsubishi. A transnational company has no head office and moves whatever base of operations it has fluidly between its national offices. It is a MNC that operates worldwide without being identified with a national home base i.e. it is said to operate on a borderless basis. Examples are Daewoo, Saint Gobain, Sony, Samsung Group, Shell Oil etc. OBJECTIVES OF INTERNATIONAL COMPENSATION When developing international compensation policies, a firm seeks to satisfy several objectives. The policy should be consistent with the overall strategy, structure and business needs of the multinational. The policy must work to attract and retain staff in the areas where the multinational has the greatest needs and opportunities. Hence the policy must be competitive and recognize factors such as incentive for Foreign Service, tax equalization and reimbursement for reasonable costs. The policy should facilitate the transfer of international employees in the most cost-effective manner for the firm. The policy must give due consideration to equity and ease of administration. The international employee will also have a number of objectives that need to be achieved from the firms compensation policy. First, the employee will expect the policy to offer financial protection in terms of benefits, social security and living costs in the foreign location. Second, the employee will expect a foreign assignment to offer opportunities for financial advancement through income and/or savings. Third, the employee will expect issues such as housing, education of children and recreation to be addressed in the policy. If we contrast the objectives of the multinational and the employee, we see, of course, the potential for many complexities and possible problems, as some of these objectives cannot be maximized on both sides. Firms must rethink the traditional view that local conditions dominate international compensation strategy. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT OR SYSTEM The type and amount of compensation necessary to attract technically and culturally qualified international managers and technical professionals to the three nationals or country categories involved international human resource management activities from which employees are selected whether the people are: PCNs (parent country nationals) TCNs (third country nationals) HCNs (host country nationals) An expatriate is an employee working in a country other than their country of origin. PCNs (Parent Country Nationals) Those personnel who are of the same nationality as the contracting government or personnel from headquarters They come from the home country of the operation. The policy of using PCNs is usually employed when one or more of the following situations exist: (1) the host country cannot readily supply desired managerial personnel, (2) efficient communication with headquarters is required, and (3) the company adopts a centralized approach to globalization. TCNs (Third Country Nationals) Those personnel of a separate nationality to both the contracting government and the area of operations i.e. whose nation of residence is neither the host country nor the home country. Such an employee normally is recruited from outside the host country and relocated from the point of recruitment to the host country. HCNs (Host Country Nationals) These are Indigs (Indigenous Personnel) / Nationals / Locals those personnel who are indigenous to the area of operations Whose basic residence or home is the host nation. Local colleagues of the expatriate, they are valuable socializing agents, sources of social support, assistance, and friendship to expatriates. Expatriates are more likely to adjust when HCNs engage in this behavior. HR managers focus on their strategic objectives to develop a comprehensive compensation plan, in terms of considering base pay, short and long-term incentives, benefits and growth opportunities. The objective of this kind of strategy is to ensure that both TNC/MNCs long and short-term objectives coexist in the compensation system without overlap, which would duplicate a single pay plan for the same objectives. The purpose of the planning is also designed to ensure that the compensation system attracts and retains the desired employees and that it motivates them to do those things that support the business plan. KEY COMPONENTS OF AN INTERNATIONAL COMPENSATION PROGRAM The area of international compensation is complex primarily because multinationals must cater to three categories of employees: PCNs, TCNs and HCNs. Key components of international compensation are as follows: COMPONENTS OF MNCS COMPENSATION BASIC SALARY ALLOWANCES OTHER BENEFITS 1. Base Salary In a domestic context, base salary denotes the amount of cash compensation serving as a benchmark for other compensation elements (such as bonuses and benefits). For expatriates, it is the primary component of a package of allowances, many of which are directly related to base salary (e.g. Foreign Service premium, cost-of-living allowance, housing allowance) and also the basis for in-service benefits and pension contributions. It may be paid in home or local-country currency. The base salary is the foundation block for international compensation whether the employee is a PCN or TCN. Major differences can occur in the employees package depending on whether the base salary is linked to the home country of the PCN or TCN, or whether an international rate is paid. Foreign Service inducement/hardship premium Parent-country nationals often receive a salary premium as an inducement to accept a foreign assignment or as compensation for any hardship caused by the transfer. The definition of hardship, eligibility for the premium and amount and timing of payment must be addressed. In cases in which hardship is determined, US firms often refer to the US Department of States Hardship Post Differentials Guidelines to determine an appropriate level of payment. Making international comparisons of the cost of living is problematic. These payments are more commonly paid to PCNs than TCNs. Foreign service inducements, if used, are usually made in the form of a percentage of salary, usually 5-40 per cent of base pay. Such payments vary, depending upon the assignment, actual hardship, tax consequences and length of assignment. 2. Allowances Issues concerning allowances can be very challenging to a firm establishing an overall compensation policy, partly because of the various forms of allowances that exist. (a)The cost-of-living allowance (COLA), which typically receives the most attention, involves a payment to compensate for differences in expenditures between the home country and the foreign country (to account for inflation differentials, for example). The COLA may also include payments for housing and utilities, personal income tax or discretionary items. (b)The provision of a housing allowance implies that employees should be entitled to maintain their home-country living standards (or, in some cases, receive accommodation that is equivalent to that provided for similar foreign employees and peers). Other alternatives include company-provided housing, either mandatory or optional, a fixed housing allowance or assessment of a portion of income, out of which actual housing costs are paid. As a firm internationalizes, formal policies become more necessary and efficient. (c)There is also a provision for home leave allowances. Many employers cover the expense of one or more trips back to the home country each year. Firms allowing use of home leave allowances for foreign travel need to be aware that expatriate employees with limited international experience who opt for foreign travel rather than returning home may become more homesick than other expatriates who return home for a reality check with fellow employees and friends. (d)Education allowances for expatriates children are also an integral part of any international compensation policy. Allowances for education can cover items such as tuition, language class tuition, enrolment fees, books and supplies, transportation, room and board and uniforms. PCNs and TCNs usually receive the same treatment concerning educational expenses. (e)Relocation allowances usually cover moving, shipping and storage charges, temporary living expenses, subsidies regarding appliance or car purchases (or sales) and down payments or lease-related charges. Allowances regarding perquisites (cars, club memberships, servants10 and so on) may also need to be considered (usually for more senior positions, but this varies according to location). These allowances are often contingent upon tax-equalization policies and practices in both the home and the host countries. (f)Spouse assistance to help guard against or offset income lost by an expatriates spouse as a result of relocating abroad. Although some firms may pay an allowance to make up for a spouses lost income, US firms are beginning to focus on providing spouses with employment opportunities abroad, either by offering job-search assistance or employment in the firms foreign office (subject to a work visa being available). (g)Multinationals generally pay allowances in order to encourage employees to take international assignments and to keep employees whole relative to home standards. In terms of housing, companies usually pay a tax-equalized housing allowance in order to discourage the purchase of housing and/or to compensate for higher housing costs. This allowance is adjusted periodically based on estimates of both local and foreign housing costs. 3. Benefits The complexity inherent in international benefits often brings more difficulties than when dealing with compensation. Pension plans are very difficult to deal with country-to-country, as national practices vary considerably. Transportability of pension plans, medical coverage and social security benefits are very difficult to normalize. Firms need to address many issues when considering benefits, including: Whether or not to maintain expatriates in home-country programs, particularly if the firm does not receive a tax deduction for it. Whether firms have the option of enrolling expatriates in host-country benefit programs and/or making up any difference in coverage. Whether expatriates should receive home-country or host-country social security benefits. In some countries, expatriates cannot opt out of local social security programs. In such circumstances, the firm normally pays for these additional costs. Laws governing private benefit practices differ from country to country, and firm practices also vary. Multinationals have generally done a good job of planning for the retirement needs of their PCN employees, but this is generally less the case for TCNs. TCNs may have little or no home-country social security coverage; They may have spent many years in countries that do not permit currency transfers of accrued benefit payments; Or they may spend their final year or two of employment in a country where final average salary is in a currency that relates unfavourably to their home-country currency. In addition to the already discussed benefits, multinationals also provide vacations and special leave. Included as part of the employees regular vacation, annual home leave usually provides airfares for families to return to their home countries. Rest and rehabilitation leave, based on the conditions of the host country, also provides the employees family with free airfares to a more comfortable location near the host country. Emergency provisions are available in case of a death or illness in the family. Employees in hardship locations often receive additional leave expense payments and rest and rehabilitation periods. ADDITIONAL PAYMENTS AND SERVICES Lifestyle enhancement services à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Provision for employee family to learn the local language à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Education training of employee family on local culture, customs and social expectations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Counseling services for employee family à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Assistance in finding a home at the foreign work site / school suitable education programmes for children dependents à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Company car, driver, domestic staff, and child care à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Use of Fitness facilities / subsidized health care services à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Assistance in joining local civic, social, professional organizations Allowances Premiums à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Foreign Service premium tax equalization allowance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Temporary living allowance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Currency protection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mobility premium à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Stopover allowance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Completion of assignment bonus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Assignment extension bonus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Emergency loan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Extended work-week payment APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL COMPENSATION There are two main approaches in the area of international compensation The Going Rate Approach (also referred to as the Market Rate Approach) The Balance Sheet Approach (also known as the Build-up Approach). (a)The Going Rate Approach With this approach, the base salary for international transfer is linked to the salary structure in the host country. The multinational usually obtains information from local compensation surveys and must decide whether local nationals (HCNs), expatriates of the same nationality or expatriates of all nationalities will be the reference point in terms of benchmarking. For example, a Japanese bank operating in New York would need to decide whether its reference point would be local US salaries, other Japanese competitors in New York or all foreign banks operating in New York. With the Going Rate Approach, if the location is in a low-pay county, the multinational usually supplements base pay with additional benefits and payments. The Balance Sheet Approach The basic objective is to keep the expatriate whole (that is, maintaining relativity to PCN colleagues and compensating for the costs of an international assignment) through maintenance of home-country living standard plus a financial inducement to make the package attractive. The approach links the base salary for PCNs and TCNs to the salary structure of the relevant home country. For example, a US executive taking up an international position would have his or her compensation package built upon the US base-salary level rather than that applicable to the host country. The key assumption of this approach is that foreign assignees should not suffer a material loss due to their transfer, and this is accomplished through the utilization of what is generally referred to as the Balance-sheet Approach. COMPENSATION ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO Incentives provided to stimulate movement or expatriation to a foreign location/ host country Allowances for repatriation to home country Additional tax burdens placed on employees working in a foreign location Labour regulations in home and host country Cost-of-living allowances in the host country Home country and host country currency fluctuation Formal and informal compensation practices unique to the host country Determining home country for setting base pay of TCNs MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES CONCERNING INTERNATIONAL BENEFITS COMPENSATION Compensation is one of the most complex areas of international human resource management Pay systems must conform to local laws and customs for employee compensation while also fitting into global MNC policies Managers face diverse political systems, laws regulations; confront different economic climates, economic development, tax policies, diverse culture, customs, the role of labor unions, standard of living It is also important for MNCs to consider carefully the motivational use of incentives and rewards among the employees drawn from three national or country categories The traditional function of pay to attract, retain and motivate employees has not changed The emphasis has shifted from the attraction and retention functions to the motivation function. TNC/MNCs must ensure that those skilled employees are compensated for achieving goals that make the international business operations succeed HR managers focus on their strategic objectives to develop a comprehensive compensation plan, in terms of considering base pay, short and long-term incentives, benefits and growth opportunities The objective of this kind of strategy is to ensure that both TNC/MNCs long and short-term objectives coexist in the compensation system without overlap, which would duplicate a single pay plan for the same objectives. The purpose of the planning is also designed to ensure that the compensation system attracts and retains the desired employees and that it motivates them to do those things that support the business plan The compensation costs of a family with children are shifted to hardship allowance for schooling, childcare, increased residence cost and all fringe benefits associated with supporting a family life cycle It may be that international compensation administration is more complex than its domestic counterpart, but not radically different in pattern or form. QUESTIONS:- Q1. What is international compensation system? Explain its objectives. Q2. Explain the parties involved in international compensation system? Q3. List the components of an international compensation program. Q4. Explain the approaches to international compensation system. Q5. What are different challenges faced by the management concerned to various benefits in international compensation program.